| World
Religions
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| Judaism | |
| 1. Abraham | founder of Judaism - made covenant with God - his people would get Canaan if they followed God |
| 2. Hebrews | name for the ancient Jewish people |
| Christianity | |
| 3. Jesus of Nazareth | founder of Christianity - according to Christians he's the messiah or savior sent by God |
| Islam | |
| 4. Allah | Islam name for God |
| 5. Muhammad | founder of Islam |
| 6. Muslims | a follower of Islam |
| Buddhism | |
| 7. Siddhartha Gautama | Indian prince. became enlightened and then founded Buddhism. |
| 8. Buddha | means Enlightened one. nickname of Gautama. |
| 9. Asoka | an Indian ruler who converted to Buddhism and spread Buddhism throughout eastern Asia |
| Ottoman Empire
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| 10. Ottoman Turks | Muslims from Asia Minor that spread their empire into Balkan Peninsula, Middle East, and North Africa. They conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. They traded coffee & ceramics. |
| Medieval Period
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| 11. Pope | head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Renaissance
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| 12. Michelangelo | Renaissance artist - painted Sistine Chapel and sculpted la Pieta and David |
| 13. Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance artist - painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper |
| 14. Shakespeare | N'ern Renaissance playwright. used history in his plays. wrote many sonnets. |
| 15. Johannes Gutenberg | invented the printing press. helped Renaissance ideas spread |
| 16. Erasmus | most famous humanist - believed all people should be educated, etc - disliked corruption in Catholic Church |
| Reformation
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| 17. Martin Luther | leader of the Protestant Reformation, first to ever break away from Catholic Church, German monk, founder of Lutheranism |
| 18. John Calvin | founder of Calvinism - God predestines certain people to go to heaven |
| 19. Henry VIII | broke away from the Catholic Church because it wouldn't let him get a divorce. formed Anglican Church |
| 20. Elizabeth I | combined Catholic styles and Protestant ideas in the Anglican Church. made Anglican church national church of all of Great Britain |
| 21. Hapsburg Family | Rulers of Holy Roman Empire who supported Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation. Went to war against Protestant princes from Northern Holy Roman Empire. |
| 22. Ignatius | started the Jesuits - went all over the world starting Catholic schools |
| Exploration
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| 23. Ottoman Turks | Muslims from Asia Minor that spread their empire into Balkan Peninsula, Middle East, and North Africa. They conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. They traded coffee & ceramics. |
| 24. Mughals | Muslim rulers of N'ern India. Built Taj Mahal. Traded textiles with E'peans. Eventually England conquered them and took over India. |
| 25. Mayans | Advanced Native American culture that lived in present day Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula; built large pyramids used for religion and government purposes. Known for corn (maize) as well |
| 26. Incas | Advanced Native American culture that lived on the Pacific coast in present day South America (Chili, Peru);Lived in the Andes mountains; well known for advanced road building, bridges, and potatoes. Conquered by Pizarro and virtually wiped out by 1531. |
| 27. Aztecs | Native American tribe in Mexico that was defeated by Cortez. Well known for human sacrifices and for gold. Hated by surrounding tribes, many tribes joined Cortez in defeating the Aztecs. Most famous ruler was Montezuma. |
| 28. Prince Henry | prince of Portugal. brought people together to study navigation |
| 29. da Gama | sailed for Portugal. first to find a water route from Europe to Asia. sailed around Africa and landed in India. |
| 30. Columbus | sailed for Spain. wanted to sail west around the world to get to Asia - landed in Caribbean - thought he was in India |
| 31. Cortez | a conquistador. conquered the Aztecs of Mexico (their leader was Montezuma) and created a Spanish colony |
| 32. Pizarro | a conquistador. conquered the Incas of Peru and created a Spanish colony |
| 33. Magellan | sailed for Spain. his crew sailed all the way around the globe |
| 34. Drake | sailed for England. first Englishman to sail around the globe |
| 35. Cartier | sailed for France. explored St. Lawrence River. claimed E'ern Canada for France. founded city of Montreal. |
| Absolute Monarchs
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| 36. Louis XIV | absolute monarch of France - known as the Sun King b/c he brought a great culture to France - also caused problems by only taxing the poor and by doing away with the Edict of Nantes - built palace of Versailles as a symbol of his royal power |
| 37. Sun King | nickname of Louis XIV |
| 38. Frederick the Great | absolute ruler of Prussia - made Prussia a great military power. enlightened despot, created schools & tried to help the peasants |
| 39. Peter the Great | an absolute ruler of Russia - made Russia more like the W'ern Europe. ex. made men in Moscow shave their beards. |
| Scientific Revolution
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| 40. Copernicus | Polish - first person to state that the earth went around the sun - kept ideas to himself b/c he feared the church. his theory is called HELIOCENTRIC. |
| 41. Kepler | German (Holy Roman Empire) - developed laws of planetary motion - he used math and proved that the earth and the other planets are constantly in motion around the sun in elliptical orbits |
| 42. Harvey | English - discovered that blood circulates through the body |
| 43. Galileo | Italian - used telescope to prove Copernicus right - Catholic Church declared him a heretic |
| 44. Newton | English - developed calculus and the laws of gravity |
| Enlightenment
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| 45. Voltaire | French - writer who believed in freedom of speech, religion, and press - he criticized the church and gov't. separation of church and state. |
| 46. Mozart | Austrian - great composer - began composing at age 5 |
| 47. Bach | great composer of the Enlightenment |
| 48. Locke | English - used natural law to argue that man should be sovereign (rule). Monarchs aren't chosen by God. Man has rights and is generally reasonable - said man can break his contract with gov't if gov't is bad - wrote Two Treatises on Government - people can be trusted to govern themselves - democracy |
| 49. Montesquieu | French - wrote Spirit of the Laws - believed that gov't should have separation of powers |
| 50. Rousseau | also wrote Social Contract with the idea that gov't is a contract between rulers and people - gov't should reflect what the people want |
| 51. Hobbes | English - used natural law to say that people need an absolute monarch because they are naturally selfish - wrote Leviathan - without absolute monarch there will be chaos |
| 52. Jefferson | American - wrote Declaration of Independence - said natural law makes all people equal |
| 53. Delacroix | French - enlightened painter, painted Liberty Leading the People - also painted nature scenes |
| 54. Cervantes | Spanish novelist. wrote Don Quixote |
| Revolutions:
English Civil War & Glorious Revolution back to top |
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| 55. Puritans | English Protestants that wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of anything Catholic. Became the majority of Parliament and hated the pro-Catholic kings. |
| 56. Charles I | English King 1625-1649. After ignoring Parliament's Petition of Right, Tried to rule England as absolute monarch, but made Parliament (controlled by Puritans) very mad by infringing on people's rights. He is defeated in Puritan Rev. by Parliament and beheaded in 1649. |
| 57. Oliver Cromwell | military leader of Parliamentary forces against Charles I; Executes Charles I in 1649 and then rules England for 10 years as a dictator. |
| 58. Charles II | restored as English King after Cromwell's death; ruled 1660-1685; signed Habeas Corpus Act (James II ignored it) |
| 59. James II | English King 1685-1688; told Parliament he ruled by "divine right"; ignores laws like Habeas Corpus--Parliament overthrows him and gives throne to William and Mary. James II flees to France, where he dies years later. |
| 60. William and Mary | the new rulers of England after the Glorious Revolution. they had less power than Parliament. |
| Revolutions:
French Revolution back to top |
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| 61. Third Estate | name for the poor and middle class in France. they revolted against the gov't |
| 62. Louis XVI | weak ruler. was beheaded by the Third Estate. |
| 63. Napoleon | became the military dictator of France at the end of the French Revolution. took over all of Europe. spread his law code everywhere. the rest of Europe rose up and defeated him. |
| Revolutions:
Other Revolutions back to top |
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| 64. Toussaint L'Ouverture | Haitian former slave who started a revolt against the French in Haiti. The rebel Haitians defeated the French and in 1804 Haiti proclaimed its independence. |
| 65. Simon Bolivar | called the "Liberator," he devoted his life to freedom for Latin America from Spain. By 1826, Bolivar had helped all South America achieve freedom. |
| Revolutions:
Congress of Vienna back to top |
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| 66. Metternich | Austrian prince who was in charge of Congress of Vienna. his 3 part plan was used to restore order to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. he was in favor of absolute monarchs and against democracy. he got his way which later led nationalists and liberals to start more revolutions in Europe. |
| Revolutions:
Unification of Italy & Germany back to top |
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| 67. Giuseppe Garibaldi | used guerrilla warfare to conquer the southern part of Italy. he then united the south with the north (which was already under the control of Victor Emmanuel & his advisor Count Cavour). he was a nationalist who wanted Italians to have a strong country. |
| 68. Count Cavour | advisor to King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia. he worked to unify the northern part of Italy. Garibaldi united the southern part of Italy which he unified with Count Cavour's northern part. Victor Emmanuel became king of all Italy. |
| 69. Otto von Bismarck | Prime Minister of Prussia. believed in realpolitik. fought wars to take over other German states. (ex. Franco-Prussian war against France) united them together into Germany. he was a nationalist who wanted Germans to have a strong country. |
| Industrial Revolution
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| 70. Eli Whitney | invented cotton gin to clean cotton faster. made need for slaves grow because they needed to pick more cotton now. |
| 71. James Watt | invented the steam engine. now work could be done by machines instead of human power. |
| 72. Henry Bessemer | invented cheap & easy way to make steel. now machines could be made stronger and resistant to fire |
| 73. Edward Jenner | made world's first vaccination - small pox |
| 74. Louis Pasteur | discovered germs/bacteria. showed that they caused disease and that they could be killed |
| Capitalism v.
Socialism
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| 75. Adam Smith | believed in capitalism. wrote Wealth of Nations. influenced the US. wrote about laissez-faire economics - this means that gov't should not get involved with economic matters. they should let the economy be and let nature take its course. economies will naturally fix themselves. |
| 76. Karl Marx | believed in Socialism. wrote Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels). wanted proletariat to rise up and revolt all over the world. |
| Imperialism
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| 77. Commodore Matthew Perry | American naval commander who in 1853 sailed to Japan and forced the Japanese to sign a trade agreement with the United States. Ultimately, this meant Japan will begin to industrialize and become a world power. |
| World War I
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| 78. Archduke Ferdinand | heir to throne of Austria-Hungary. assassinated by Serbian nationalist who wanted Bosnia - which was controlled by A-H - to be controlled by Serbia instead since the people in Bosnia were Serbs. this was the "spark" that started WWI. |
| 79. Tsar Nicholas II | ruler of Russia in early 1900s. was on the side of the Allied Powers. spent too much time & money on WWI while his own people were starving. lost Russo-Japanese war to Japan which was an embarrassment. peasants rose up and revolted - he gave up his throne b/c of peasant protests. |
| 80. Bolsheviks | radical group of Russian peasants led by Lenin. overthrew Russian gov't (coup d'etat) in 1917. socialists/communists. wanted everything to be owned by the people. nickname was the "Reds". after taking power they had to fight a civil war against the Mensheviks ("Whites") |
| 81. Vladimir Lenin | Russian socialist. wanted to spread socialism all over the world. led the Bolsheviks. took over Russian gov't in a coup d'etat. became leader of Russia. New Economic Policy - even though he was a socialist, he used capitalism to get the Russian economy back on its feet. |
| 82. Kaiser Wilhelm II | leader of Germany during WWI. gave Austria-Hungary the "blank check" to fight Serbia - this started WWI. |
| 83. Woodrow Wilson | US president WWI. had plan - 14 points - for peace after the war |
| Between
the Wars
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| 84. Hitler | totalitarian leader of Germany. head of the Nazi Party. rebuilt German nationalism after their WWI defeat. rebuilt German army. fixed German economy. took away rights - especially of Jews (anti-jew = anti-Semitism). made Germany powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by taking over more of Europe. |
| 85. Mussolini | totalitarian leader of Italy. head of the Fascist Party (followers called Black Shirts). rebuilt Italian nationalism after WWI. built Italian army. fixed Italian economy. took away rights. made Italy powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by taking over Ethiopia. |
| 86. Stalin | totalitarian leader of Soviet Union. head of the Communist Party. built Soviet nationalism. built up Soviet army. improved Soviet economy with 5-year plans and collectivization - gov't owned all farms. took away rights - killed 20 million Soviets that disagreed with him (called Great Purge) and did away with religion (atheism). used secret police to find out who his enemies were. made Soviet Union powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by moving into E'ern Europe. |
| 87. Tojo | totalitarian leader of Japan. head of the Japanese military. (Hirohito was the emperor but was weak) built up Japanese nationalism. built up Japanese military. improved Japanese economy by building industry. took away rights. made Japan powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by taking over China, Korea, and Manchuria. |
| World War II
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| 88. Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR) | US pres. during most of WWII |
| 89. Harry S Truman | US pres after FDR dies. drops bombs on Japan |
| 90. Eisenhower | US general - led DDay invasion |
| 91. MacArthur | US general in the Pacific. after war he rules Japan for the US & helps them create a constitution. |
| 92. Churchill | British Prime Minister - encourages his country to stand up to Hitler |
| 93. Marshall | US General - his plan helps rebuild Europe after WWII |
| 94. Allies | France, US, USSR, Great Britain and other countries fighting against Axis powers |
| 95. Axis | Germany, Italy, Japan and others that fought against the Allies. |
| Cold War
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| 96. Ronald Reagan | US pres (1981-1989). helped end the Cold War by building up US arms. USSR tried to keep up but couldn't |
| 97. Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet premier. helped end the Cold War by letting his people have more contact with the West. when they saw what the West had they wanted it too. |
| Communist Revolutions
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| 98. Mao Zedong | led communist revolution in China |
| 99. Chiang Kai-shek | led Chinese nationalists against Mao - lost & formed country of Taiwan |
| 100. Ho Chi Minh | led communist takeover of Vietnam |
| Independence
Movements
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| 101. Gandhi | led passive resistance against British in India |
| 102. Kenyatta | led violent fight against British for Kenyan independence - called Mau Mau uprising |