| World
Religions
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| World Religion | |
| 1. monotheism | belief in one all-powerful God. Judaism (1st), Christianity (2nd), and Islam (3rd) |
| 2. polytheism | belief in more than one god. Hinduism. |
| 3. non-theistic | a religion that does not focus on the worship of a god. Buddhism |
| 4. atheism | the belief that there are no gods and no supernatural world. |
| 5. animism | the worship of nature spirits instead of one particular god. |
| 6. proselytize | to try to convert someone to a religion. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are proselytizing religions. |
| Judaism | |
| 7. 10 Commandments | God's laws for Jews - given to Moses. also followed by Christians |
| 8. Torah | Jewish holy book. Christians call it the Old Testament |
| Christianity | |
| 9. messiah | savior - Jews believed a messiah would save them from Rome - Christians believe Jesus is the messiah |
| 10. Bible | Christian holy book. Made up of: 1. Old Testament - Jewish scriptures; 2. New Testament - life of Jesus and the teachings of his disciples (most written by Paul) |
| 11. trinity | Christian belief that God has 3 parts - father, son, holy spirit |
| Islam | |
| 12. Kaaba | shrine in Mecca - holiest place for Muslims - black box - used to hold polytheistic gods/idols |
| 13. Koran | holy book of Islam |
| 14. jihad | holy war - if Muslim dies fighting for Allah he will go straight to heaven |
| 15. 5 Pillars | faith, prayer, pilgrimage, alms, fasting during Ramadan - 5 things all Muslims must do |
| 16. Ramadan | month Mohammad received revelations from Allah - Muslims fast during this month |
| Hinduism | |
| 17. caste system | hierarchy in India - made up of different levels. each level is called a varna. every varna has certain duties to perform called dharma. people are born into a varna and then do not move out of it. the only way to move up or down is to be reincarnated at a higher or lower level in your next lifetime. you get reincarnated higher by having good Karma which you get completing the dharma of your varna. |
| 18. reincarnation | to have your soul come back in a different form after death |
| 19. karma | what one does in life - good karma or bad karma depending on the life you've lived - determines level of reincarnation |
| 20. Vedas | holy writings of Hinduism |
| Buddhism | |
| 21. Four Noble Truths | 1. suffering exists 2. desire causes suffering 3. no desire = no suffering 4. the way to end desires is to live by the 8 fold path |
| 22. Eightfold Path | the 8 ways to live that Gautama came up with that would end desires and end suffering |
| 23. nirvana | nothingness - when your spirit ends reincarnation and becomes one with the universe - the ultimate goal of Buddhism |
| Religious Conflicts
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| 24. West Bank/Jerusalem Conflict | religious war in Middle East. West Bank of Jordan River in Israel. Israeli Jews and Palestinian Muslims are still fighting over it today. Both see Jerusalem as a holy city and want to control that area. |
| 25. Kashmir Conflict | religious war in India. Kashmir is a region of northwestern India. The people there are Muslim. Pakistan (Muslim country near there) is fighting India (Hindu country that owns Kashmir) for control of the land. |
| 26. Northern Ireland Conflict | religious war going on there between Catholics and Protestants. Great Britain (Protestant) controls Northern Ireland. The rest of Ireland (Catholic) wants GB to give up control. |
| 27. Balkans Conflict | religious wars between Orthodox Christians and Muslims. have been going on since the Crusades. the US went in to Kosovo in the late 1990s to protect Kosovar Muslims that were being slaughtered by Serb Christians. |
| 28. Thirty Years' War | religious war - 1618-1648. between Protestants and Catholics in German states of the Holy Roman Empire. France joined (Cardinal Richelieu) for non-religious reasons - wanted to weaken the power of the Hapsburgs |
| Medieval Period
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| 29. Catholic Church | only major religious group in Europe during Medieval Period - center of Medieval life |
| 30. heresy | to go against the church - could be punished by death |
| 31. Crusades | wars fought against Muslims in the Middle East by European Christians - led to more trade and an increase in money in Europe |
| Renaissance
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| 32. Renaissance | word means rebirth. it is the period after Medieval. started in Italian city-states and was a rebirth of Ancient Greek and Roman ideas & culture |
| 33. classics | ideas, culture, education, etc. of Ancient Greece and Rome - reborn in Renaissance |
| 34. humanism | an interest in the classics - focus on individuals - interest in all humans being the best they can be |
| 35. secular | non-religious, Renaissance art was often secular. |
| 36. sonnet | 14 line poem about 1 topic. Shakespeare is famous for writing them |
| 37. Printing Press | invented by Johannes Gutenberg. made books cheaper. spread Renaissance ideas |
| Reformation
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| 38. indulgence | a certificate one could buy from the church that would lessen one's sin. A way to buy forgiveness |
| 39. usury | lending money and then charging lots of interest. the Catholic Church was against this. this made merchants turn against Catholicism because they wanted to be able to charge usury. |
| 40. laity | church members not in the clergy |
| 41. order of the
church hierarchy (clergy) |
god, pope, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, priest, laity |
| 42. 95 Theses | Luther's 95 complaints against the church, nailed to the church door on October 31, 1517 |
| 43. Lutheran Church | the first protestant denomination - Luther's followers |
| 44. predestination | Calvin's teaching that God chooses who goes to heaven |
| 45. Anglican Church | church created in England by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I - it was a combination of Protestant and Catholic. controlled by English gov't. Pope is not in control |
| 46. Inquisition | church court set up to punish Protestant heretics |
| 47. Jesuits | society started by Ignatius - started Catholic schools all over the world |
| World Empires/Trade
Routes
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| 48. trade routes | road or waterway traveled to
exchange products and ideas. many routes began during Medieval Period:
1. silk roads across Asia to Mediterranean Sea (silk, tea, spices, porcelain) 2. trans-Saharan (across the Sahara) in North Africa (gold, salt, slaves) 3. maritime (sea) routes across Indian Ocean (textiles) 4. South China Sea routes connect China w/Southeast Asia (spices) 5. W'ern Europe: river routes (Rhine) and trade on the Mediterranean Sea 6. N'ern Europe: links to the Black Sea (Danube River) |
| 49. shogun | Japanese military leader. had the political power in Japan. tried to keep E'peans out of Japan during this time. |
| 50. isolationism | national policy of not interacting with the rest of the world - ex. Japan |
| 51. foreign enclaves | special areas in China where the emperor allowed E'pean trading companies to trade. |
| Exploration
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| 52. spices | product that Europe relied on - came from Asia |
| 53. middleman | someone who buys something and then sells it to someone else - the Arabs were middlemen for spices |
| 54. Gold, Glory, God | 3 reasons why Europeans wanted to explore the world - money, fame, and spread Christianity |
| 55. cultural diffusion | the spread of culture |
| 56. circumnavigate | to go around the world - first done by Magellan's crew - then by Drake |
| 57. conquistador | an early Spanish conqueror/explorer - ex. Cortez and Pizarro |
| 58. colony | a settlement ruled by a "parent country" |
| 59. Columbian Exchange | exchange of goods and ideas between the Old and New Worlds. Named after Christopher Columbus. changed the world as new products were brought new places. ex. corn to Africa |
| 60. plantation system | throughout the Americas, E'peans set up farming plantations to grow cash crops. they used Native Americans to do labor. when they died of diseases, E'peans began taking slaves from Africa. |
| 61. Mercantilism | belief that a country's power depends on its wealth. caused nations of the world to try and build up wealth. |
| 62. bullion | gold and silver - it's how a nation's wealth was measured |
| 63. triangular trade | a trade route with 3 legs that forms a triangle - used during this time period. connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| 64. the 3 legs of the main triangular
trade route |
1. Europe to Africa (w/rum and
manufactured goods)
2. Africa to Caribbean (w/slaves - called the Middle Passage) 3. Caribbean to Europe (w/sugar and rum) |
| 65. sugarcane | crop planted in Caribbean by English - very profitable - made the need for slaves grow |
| 66. diseases | Europeans brought diseases with them to New World - the diseases killed off the Native American population (especially small pox) |
| 67. Middle Passage | middle leg of triangular trade route - voyage slaves took across the Atlantic |
| Absolute Monarchs
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| 68. absolutism | belief in form of government where one person or group of people has unlimited power |
| 69. divine right | belief that monarchs get their power and their right to rule directly from God - therefore they could have absolute power |
| 70. Edict of Nantes | created by Henry IV of France, it gave French Protestants their religious freedom - taken away by Louis XIV of France who then took away the Protestants' religious freedom. It is an example of absolute power because it was created and then taken away on the whim of a king. |
| 71. Huguenots | French Protestants |
| Scientific Revolution
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| 72. Scientific Method | the methods for finding the truth by examining facts and using reason. developed by Francis Bacon. The steps are: 1. observe 2. hypothesis 3. test hypothesis |
| 73. hypothesis | a theory to explain why something happens |
| 74. reason | using logic, thinking, and observation to figure something out. when someone tests a hypothesis instead of just relying on tradition or belief they are using reason. during scientific revolution people began using reason. |
| 75. heliocentric theory | Copernicus' idea that the sun was the center of the universe. Proven by Kepler and Galileo. |
| Enlightenment
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| 76. natural law | moral laws that can be proven with reason just like scientific laws |
| Revolutions:
Causes of
Revolutions back to top |
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| 77. Enlightenment Ideas | new and better ways of doing things |
| 78. Unpopular Methods of Rule | when people don't like the way the gov't works/does things or the type of gov't |
| 79. Economic Distress | money problems - taxes too high, not enough money, etc |
| 80. Social Injustice | when a group of people are treated unfairly |
| 81. Religious Intolerance | when a religious group is treated unfairly or outlawed |
| 82. Nationalism | a great pride in your people or nation and wanting them to be independent if you are ruled by an outside country |
| Revolutions:
English Democracy, English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
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| 83. Magna Carta | English document signed in 1215; Placed clear limits on the English King; The King was now under the rule of law-- could not tax without Royal Council approval, could not put a man in jail without trial by jury |
| 84. Common Law | body of English law - applied to all people |
| 85. jury trial | a trial where guilt or innocence is decided by a group of peers, NOT just some judge. |
| 86. Parliament | like our Congress. majority of people in it were Puritans. they led English Civil War against Charles I. after the Glorious Revolution they had more power than the monarch. |
| 87. Glorious Revolution | called this because there was no bloodshed. Parliament asked William and Mary to come take over England. They didn't want absolute monarchs any more. After this, Parliament has more power than the king. William and Mary do what Parliament wants b/c they're thankful to get to the monarchs. |
| 88. Bill of Rights | list of rights given to the English people by William and Mary |
| Revolutions:
American Revolution
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| 89. Declaration of Independence | written by Jefferson. influenced by Enlightenment - especially Locke. people have rights (life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness), rights can't be taken away, gov't exists to protect rights, when gov't doesn't people should rebel. |
| 90. US Constitution | influenced by the Enlightenment. Bill of Rights based on English Bill of Rights, Locke's ideas, and Voltaire's ideas. Gov't is set up based on Montesquieu's ideas |
| Revolutions:
French Revolution
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| 91. Bastille | French prison. July 14, 1789 = Bastille Day (like our July 4) On this day the Third Estate stormed the Bastille and released several political prisoners. This is the beginning of the French Revolution. |
| 92. Reign of Terror | after the Third Estate liberals took over the French gov't they began executing anyone who disagreed with them. This led to chaos and more revolution. Eventually Napoleon takes over, becomes dictator, and brings order. |
| 93. Code of Napoleon | laws of Napoleon. made all people equal. he spread these ideas all over Europe as he conquered it. |
| Revolutions:
Other Revolutions
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| 95. Haitian Revolution | Toussaint L'Ouverture leads Haitian slaves in an uprising. Creates first black run country in the New World. Inspired by American and French Revolutions. |
| 96. South
American Revolutions |
inspired by French and US revolutions. Bolivar leads S American countries to fight for independence from Spain. |
| Revolutions:
Congress of Vienna
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| 97. Congress of Vienna | meeting of European countries after many years of fighting France. they met to come up with a plan to restore order to Europe. Europe was a mess after all the fighting |
| 98. balance of power | no one country should be too powerful - the way France had been |
| 99. liberals | in general, these are people who want more changes and more freedoms. at this time they were unhappy with Congress of Vienna. they wanted enlightened gov't. they did not want absolute monarchs |
| 100. conservatives | in general, these are people who want less changes, a stronger central gov't, and fewer individual rights. Metternich was a conservative. |
| 101. nationalists | were unhappy with Congress of Vienna. they wanted their people to have their own countries - not be ruled by others. many people were ruled by others in order for there to be a balance of power. |
| 102. Revolutions of 1848 | started throughout Europe as people revolted against the conservatives and the Congress of Vienna. revolutions were led by those who were nationalists and/or liberals. |
| Revolutions:
Unification of Italy & Germany
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| 103. nationalism | love for your country/people & wanting to have your country strong (often a cause of revolution) |
| 104. nation-state | a state that is based on a common nationality/ethnic group |
| 105. German Confederation | after Napoleon defeated this was created to be a buffer to the French. it was an association of German states. it was the beginning of the German states working together. helped lead to Germany becoming unified. |
| 106. realpolitik | the belief that a country should do whatever it has to do to benefit itself. this was Bismarck's philosophy. it was the reason he went to war - it helped Prussia/the German people. (decisions will be decided by "blood & iron") |
| 107. Franco-Prussian War | Prussia fought & beat France. Prussia led by Bismarck. took land from France - Alsace-Lorraine - that Bismarck wanted to help unify Germany. example of realpolitik |
| Industrial Revolution
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| 108. Enclosure Movement | movement in Great Britain where large land owners fenced in their lands that used to be open to public use. Now fewer people could be farmers (since they couldn't use the public lands) and it created a large group of available workers for factories. |
| 109. industrial revolution | a time of great change in the way things were produced. work began to be done at in factories by machines instead of at home by hand.. more and more people began moving to cities and leaving the farm |
| 110. capital | money that is available to be spent on a business. |
| 111. entrepreneur | a person who takes a risk to start a business in order to hopefully make money |
| 112. factory system | instead of all work being done by individuals in their own homes, all the workers came together in one location (a factory) |
| Capitalism v.
Socialism
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| 113. capitalism | type of economic system.
major goals are to make money (capital) and to be free. this is what
the US has.
pure capitalism is called laissez-faire - leave the economy alone and let nature take its course. benefits: people are free to make money the way they want to, anyone with an idea has a chance of becoming rich so there are lots of ideas problems: there is no guarantee you'll make money, you could lose money, if owners are too free they may mistreat workers to make more money |
| 114. labor union | group of workers united to force owners into improving working conditions |
| 115. strikes | workers refuse to work as a protest (used by unions) |
| 116. socialism | type of economic system.
believes that all people should be equal and no one should make more $
than anyone else. individuals don't own anything - the society owns
everything together. the government must be in control of everything
and own everything to make sure that everyone is equal.
benefits: everyone is equal, no one is poorer than anyone else problems: since you can't make $ there's no reason to come up with new ideas, plus not all people want to be equal - some want to be better. |
| 117. collective bargaining | when owners and union representatives sit down to discuss working conditions |
| Imperialism
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| 118. Imperialism | policy of building an empire to extend a nation's power and territory - when one country takes over others and builds an empire. |
| 119. Protectorate | a country whose policies are guided by a foreign nation |
| 120. Colony | a settlement of people outside their homeland, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control (a settlement of people directly ruled by a mother country) |
| 121. Sphere of influence | area in a country where a foreign power has exclusive right to trade or investment |
| 122. East India Company | British traders that band together for trading rights in India. Use force for parts of India to trade with them only. |
| 123. Boxer Rebellion | Boxers were a group of anti-foreigner Chinese. they rebelled against the imperialist E'pean countries that were trading in China. the E'peans defeated them so that they could keep trading in China |
| World War I
& Russian Revolution
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| 124. Imperialism | building an empire - extending power & territory. caused countries to compete & become enemies |
| 125. Militarism | policy of building up military to make it the best. when countries have big militaries they often want to use them. |
| 126. Nationalism | love for your country - wanting to be independent/strong. countries all wanted to be the best and colonies wanted to be independent. each country in Europe wanted to be the best. |
| 127. Alliances | countries join together b/c of mutual beliefs & desires and agree to help each other if attacked. now if 1 country is attacked others will end up being involved. alliances led to diplomatic failures before WWI. |
| 128. Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later drops out) (became known as the Central Powers) |
| 129. Triple Entente | Britain, France, Russia (became known as the Allied Powers - US is on this side) |
| 130. Lusitania | British passenger ship. sunk by German u-boat. many American civilians killed. US mad at Germany. US begins to think about going to war. |
| 131. Zimmerman Telegram | telegram Germany sent Mexico. asked Mexico to attack US to keep US from being able to fight in Europe. Germany would then help Mexico get Texas, New Mex., and Arizona back. made US mad at Germany. |
| 132. coup d'etat | when a group takes over a gov't and its leaders in a quick often violent way |
| 133. NEP | Lenin's New Economic Policy. He allowed some capitalism even though he was a socialist because he wanted to improve the Soviet economy. |
| 134. Treaty of Versailles | treaty that ended WWI. created at Paris Peace Conference. treaty greatly punished Germany - they couldn't have a military, they had to pay money, they lost all their colonies. effect on Germany of this treaty would lead to WWII. |
| 135. 14 Points | Woodrow Wilson's plan to fix the world after WWI |
| 136. League of Nations | most important part of Wilson's 14 points. all the nations of the world would work together to solve world problems. US never joined. |
| 137. Mandate System | E'pean countries given temporary control of a territory to help it eventually become independent. France (Syria & Lebanon) & Great Britain (Jordan & Palestine - which becomes Israel) had mandates in Middle East. |
| Between the
Wars
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| 138. Great Depression | worldwide economic depression in 1930s. caused by US stock market crash and effects from WWI. |
| 139. totalitarian | type of gov't w/total & absolute power. after WWI, many gov't like this came about. usually they took away rights but also built their country's economy, military, and pride. |
| 140. fascism | extreme militarism and extreme nationalism |
| 141. Nazi Party | political party Hitler was the head of. believed in total gov't control |
| 142. Fascist Party | political party Mussolini was the head of. EXTREMELY nationalistic - almost worships the gov't. |
| 143. 5 Year Plans | Stalin had several 5 Year Plans to fix/modernize the Soviet economy |
| 144. Great Purge | when Stalin killed 20 million Soviets that disagreed w/him |
| 145. collectivization | Stalin combined all farms under gov't control |
| World War II
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| 146. appeasement | giving someone their way to avoid a fight |
| 147. Blitzkrieg | lightning fast war - Germany took over Europe as fast as lightning ex. war starts when they take over Poland. |
| 148. Outline of WWII | 1. Germany invades Poland -
war begins
2. Germany conquers France 3. Germany begins bombing Britain - Battle of Britain - they don't defeat British 4. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor & brings US into war. 5. D-Day - Allies invade Europe 6. US drops atomic bombs on Japan |
| 149. Yalta Conference | Roosevelt, Churchill, &
Stalin meet and decide to:
1. divide Germany into 4 zones 2. create United Nations 3. disarm Germany 4. destroy Nazi Party |
| 150. United Nations | place for countries to meet & discuss world problems & create solutions |
| 151. Superpowers | 2 most powerful countries after WWII - US and USSR |
| 152. Atomic Bomb | dropped by US on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. caused Japan to surrender |
| 153. Axis Powers | fascist. Germany, Japan, and Italy |
| 154. Allied Powers | US, Great Britain, Soviet Union |
| The Holocaust
& Other Examples
of Genocide back to top |
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| 155. genocide | deliberate attempt to kill all members of a racial, cultural, or ethnic group |
| 156. anti-Semitism | anti-Jewish. |
| 157. Holocaust | Hitler's attempt to get rid of all Jews - called his Final Solution. included gas chambers and concentration camps. Jews were blamed for losing WWI and for causing the Great Depression. |
| 158. Armenian Genocide | Armenian leaders killed by Ottoman Empire |
| 159. Great Purge | Stalin kills 20 million of his own people |
| 160. Killing Fields | Pol Pot, dictator of Cambodia, kills educated people & minorities |
| 161. Rwanda | Tutsi minority is slaughtered by Hutu majority in 1990s |
| 162. Balkans | Muslims & Croats are slaughtered by Bosnian Serbs |
| Cold
War
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| 163. Cold War | -US v. USSR - capitalism v.
socialism - West v. East - NATO v. Warsaw Pact
-called "Cold" because the 2 sides didn't actually fight but worked to stop each other |
| 164. Marshall Plan | after WWII, we gave W'ern Europe $13 billion to help them rebuild & to gain influence (stop spread of communism there) named for George Marshall - WWII general & US Sec of State |
| 165. Truman Doctrine | Pres. Truman's ideas that the US would "lead the fight against communism". Caused us to get involved in conflicts around the world |
| 166. Containment | Policy of Truman Doctrine. US would not fight USSR but would contain communism or stop it from spreading |
| 167. NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization
the alliance we were in with other w'ern capitalist countries against communism |
| 168. Warsaw Pact | alliance between the USSR and the E'ern European countries they dominated |
| 169. Berlin Wall | Soviets build wall around E Berlin so that its citizens can't leave and go to W Berlin (a real-life Iron Curtain) |
| 170. Cuban Missile Crisis | Soviets place nuclear missiles in Cuba. US orders them to be removed & sets up a naval blockade of Cuba. It appears as though Cold War will become Hot War. Soviets back down, remove missiles. |
| 171. Iron Curtain | term used to describe the separation between Communist E'ern Europe and Capitalist W'ern Europe |
| 172. Korean War | we fight N Korea to keep communists from taking over S Korea. Korea divided on 38th parallel. |
| 173. Vietnam War | we fight N Vietnam to keep communists from taking over S Vietnam |
| 174. Arms Race | competition between US & USSR to get best military |
| 175. mutual destruction | also called deterrence theory. knowing that both you & your enemy could destroy each other. This is the main reason we never went to war with the USSR. |
| Communist Revolutions
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| 176. Chinese Civil War | Chinese communists - led by Mao - defeat Chinese nationalists - led by Chiang Kai-shek. Nationalists form new Chinese nation on island of Formosa. Form country of Taiwan. |
| 177. Vietnam War | Communists - led by Ho Chi Minh - lead a revolution against French imperialists and then against the US. |
| Independence
Movements
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| 178. Indian Independence | led by Gandhi against British. India divided into India, West Pakistan (now Pakistan), and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) |
| 179. passive resistance | fighting without fighting. boycotts, marches, protests, sit-ins, etc. used by Gandhi. |
| 180. apartheid | South African policy of separating whites and blacks. blacks were given everything inferior. for decades black South Africans struggled for equality |
| Developed Countries
v. Developing
Countries back to top |
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| 181. Developed Countries | better access to technology
stronger more diverse economies higher literacy rates/better education better access to good health care slower population growth because of family planning/birth control usually have capitalism & free markets women tend to have equal rights and often work outside the home/get educations as countries become developed their citizens want more liberty and rights |
| 182. Developing Countries | little access to technology
weaker economy. often depend solely on one crop or one type of work weak education systems/high illiteracy rates high population growth b/c: 1. less family planning knowledge 2. more kids needed to work on farms 3. high infant mortality rate makes people try to have more kids often controlled by dictators and rarely have free markets/capitalism women have traditional role - homemaker, caregiver people often do not realize what it means to truly have liberty |
| Economic Interdependence
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| 183. European Union | example of countries in a region working together to try to compete with strong economic countries like the US and Japan |
| 184. NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement - ex. of a free trade agreement (no taxes on goods made in another country) This is between US, Mexico, and Canada. |
| 185. WTO | World Trade Organization - international trade agreement to work towards more free trade |
| 186. UN | United Nations - nations of the world work together to solve problems |
| 187. IMF | International Monetary Fund - makes loans to poor countries trying to develop economically |